Enterprise AI Analysis
Gender disparity in U.S. patenting
This study analyzes 3.7 million U.S. utility patents to investigate gendered patterns of inventorship, revealing persistent underrepresentation of women despite their crucial contributions to innovation, particularly in novelty, originality, and disruptive inventions, and highlighting the role of mixed-gender teams and academic settings.
Executive Impact Summary
Key metrics from the research reveal the current landscape of women's participation in U.S. patenting and their unique contributions.
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Women among U.S. Inventors (2021)
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Patents with Female Inventors (2021)
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Female-Participated Patents by Mixed-Gender Teams
Deep Analysis & Enterprise Applications
Select a topic to dive deeper, then explore the specific findings from the research, rebuilt as interactive, enterprise-focused modules.
Resource Utilization: Science & Public Support
Mixed-gender teams consistently cite the most scientific papers (13.2 average) and are most likely to leverage public support (30.8% of patents). All-female teams cite more scientific papers than all-male teams.
13.2
Avg. Scientific Papers Cited by Mixed-Gender Teams
Methodology Flowchart: Data Construction
Our study's foundation is built upon a meticulous multi-step data acquisition and processing pipeline, ensuring comprehensive coverage of U.S. utility patents and precise gender attribution for inventors.
Enterprise Process Flow
USPTO utility patent grants (1976-2021)
→
U.S. utility inventors (1976-2021)
→
Gender identification (Step #1-3)
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USPTO utility patents solely by U.S. inventors with defined genders
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Final Dataset (3.7M patents, 1.8M inventors)
Patent Characteristics: Novelty & Originality
Patents with female inventors are more likely to exhibit novelty (8.7% higher odds) and greater originality. Mixed-gender teams generally produce patents with broader technological scope.
8.7%
Increased Odds of Patent Novelty with Female Inventors
Patent Impact: Citations & Disruption
While women-invented patents receive fewer forward citations, they are more disruptive. Mixed-gender teams generate the most disruptive inventions. All-female teams are 8.7% more likely to produce top-disruptive patents than mixed-gender teams.
8.7%
Increased Likelihood of Top-Disruptive Patents for All-Female Teams
Organizational Patterns: Universities vs. Corporations
Women in universities are significantly more likely to invent (33.6% of patents) and leverage public support compared to corporate settings (17.9% of patents).
| Metric | Corporations | Universities | Government |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total patents with women inventors (%) | 17.9% | 33.6% | 19.8% |
| Mean women inventor rate | 9.1% | 16.0% | 10.6% |
| Patents relying on public support with women (%) | 25.8% | 73.7% | N/A |
Domain-Specific Contributions
In green technology, women inventors are more resourceful, leveraging public support and scientific knowledge. In biotechnology, female-invented patents are more disruptive despite lower citations. Civil engineering shows higher originality and broader impact.
Green Technology Innovation
Women inventors in green technologies appear more resourceful than men, as evidenced by significantly higher utilization of public support and more frequent citation of scientific knowledge. Their contributions not only reflect societal priorities but also leverage public and scientific resources more effectively.
Impact: Enhanced resource utilization and societal alignment.
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